Senin, 27 Mei 2013

Agenda 21 Chapter 16



ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

16.1. Biotechnology is the integration of the new techniques emerging from modern biotechnology with
the well-established approaches of traditional biotechnology. Biotechnology, an emerging
knowledge-intensive field, is a set of enabling techniques for bringing about specific man-made
changes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or genetic material, in plants, animals and microbial
systems, leading to useful products and technologies. By itself, biotechnology cannot resolve all the
fundamental problems of environment and development, so expectations need to be tempered by
realism. Nevertheless, it promises to make a significant contribution in enabling the development of,
for example, better health care, enhanced food security through sustainable agricultural practices,
improved supplies of potable water, more efficient industrial development processes for transforming
raw materials, support for sustainable methods of afforestation and reforestation, and detoxification
of hazardous wastes. Biotechnology also offers new opportunities for global partnerships, especially
between the countries rich in biological resources (which include genetic resources) but lacking the
expertise and investments needed to apply such resources through biotechnology and the countries
that have developed the technological expertise to transform biological resources so that they serve
the needs of sustainable development. 1/ Biotechnology can assist in the conservation of those
resources through, for example, ex situ techniques. The programme areas set out below seek to foster
internationally agreed principles to be applied to ensure the environmentally sound management of
biotechnology, to engender public trust and confidence, to promote the development of sustainable
applications of biotechnology and to establish appropriate enabling mechanisms, especially within
developing countries, through the following activities:
a. Increasing the availability of food, feed and renewable raw materials;
b. Improving human health;
c. Enhancing protection of the environment;
d. Enhancing safety and developing international mechanisms for cooperation;
e. Establishing enabling mechanisms for the development and the environmentally sound
application of biotechnology.


PROGRAMME AREAS
A. Increasing the availability of food, feed and renewable raw materials
Basis for action
16.2. To meet the growing consumption needs of the global population, the challenge is not only to
increase food supply, but also to improve food distribution significantly while simultaneously
developing more sustainable agricultural systems. Much of this increased productivity will need to
take place in developing countries. It will require the successful and environmentally safe application
of biotechnology in agriculture, in the environment and in human health care. Most of the investment
in modern biotechnology has been in the industrialized world. Significant new investments and
human resource development will be required in biotechnology, especially in the developing world.

Objectives
16.3. The following objectives are proposed, keeping in mind the need to promote the use of appropriate
safety measures based on programme area D:
a. To increase to the optimum possible extent the yield of major crops, livestock, and
aquaculture species, by using the combined resources of modern biotechnology and
conventional plant/animal/micro-organism improvement, including the more diverse use
of genetic material resources, both hybrid and original. 2/ Forest product yields should
similarly be increased, to ensure the sustainable use of forests; 3/
b. To reduce the need for volume increases of food, feed and raw materials by improving
the nutritional value (composition) of the source crops, animals and micro-organisms,
and to reduce post-harvest losses of plant and animal products;
c. To increase the use of integrated pest, disease and crop management techniques to
eliminate overdependence on agrochemicals, thereby encouraging environmentally
sustainable agricultural practices;
d. To evaluate the agricultural potential of marginal lands in comparison with other
potential uses and to develop, where appropriate, systems allowing for sustainable
productivity increases;
e. To expand the applications of biotechnology in forestry, both for increasing yields and
more efficient utilization of forest products and for improving afforestation and
reforestation techniques. Efforts should be concentrated on species and products that are
grown in and are of value particularly for developing countries;
f. To increase the efficiency of nitrogen fixation and mineral absorption by the symbiosis of
higher plants with micro-organisms;
g. To improve capabilities in basic and applied sciences and in the management of complex
interdisciplinary research projects.

Activities
(a) Management-related activities
16.4. Governments at the appropriate level, with the assistance of international and regional organizations
and with the support of non-governmental organizations, the private sector and academic and
scientific institutions, should improve both plant and animal breeding and micro-organisms through
the use of traditional and modern biotechnologies, to enhance sustainable agricultural output to
achieve food security, particularly in developing countries, with due regard to the prior identification
of desired characteristics before modification, taking into account the needs of farmers, the socioeconomic,
cultural and environmental impacts of modifications and the need to promote sustainable
social and economic development, paying particular attention to how the use of biotechnology will
impact on the maintenance of environmental integrity.

16.5. More specifically, these entities should:
a. Improve productivity, nutritional quality and shelf-life of food and animal feed products,
with efforts including work on pre- and post-harvest losses;
b. Further develop resistance to diseases and pests;
c. Develop plant cultivars tolerant and/or resistant to stress from factors such as pests and
diseases and from abiotic causes;
d. Promote the use of underutilized crops of possible future importance for human nutrition
and industrial supply of raw materials;
e. Increase the efficiency of symbiotic processes that assist sustainable agricultural
production;
f. Facilitate the conservation and safe exchange of plant, animal and microbial germ plasm
by applying risk assessment and management procedures, including improved diagnostic
techniques for detection of pests and diseases by better methods of rapid propagation;
g. Develop improved diagnostic techniques and vaccines for the prevention and spread of
diseases and for rapid assessment of toxins or infectious organisms in products for human
use or livestock feed;
h. Identify more productive strains of fast-growing trees, especially for fuel wood, and
develop rapid propagation methods to aid their wider dissemination and use;
i. Evaluate the use of various biotechnology techniques to improve the yields of fish, algal
and other aquatic species;
j. Promote sustainable agricultural output by strengthening and broadening the capacity and
scope of existing research centres to achieve the necessary critical mass through
encouragement and monitoring of research into the development of biological products
and processes of productive and environmental value that are economically and socially
feasible, while taking safety considerations into account;
k. Promote the integration of appropriate and traditional biotechnologies for the purposes of
cultivating genetically modified plants, rearing healthy animals and protecting forest
genetic resources;
l. Develop processes to increase the availability of materials derived from biotechnology
for use in food, feed and renewable raw materials production.

(b) Data and information
16.6. The following activities should be undertaken:
a. Consideration of comparative assessments of the potential of the different technologies
for food production, together with a system for assessing the possible effects of
biotechnologies on international trade in agricultural products;
b. Examination of the implications of the withdrawal of subsidies and the possible use of
other economic instruments to reflect the environmental costs associated with the
unsustainable use of agrochemicals;
c. Maintenance and development of data banks of information on environmental and health
impacts of organisms to facilitate risk assessment;
d. Acceleration of technology acquisition, transfer and adaptation by developing countries
to support national activities that promote food security.


(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
16.7. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of relevant international and regional
organizations, should promote the following activities in conformity with international agreements or
arrangements on biological diversity, as appropriate:
a. Cooperation on issues related to conservation of, access to and exchange of germ plasm;
rights associated with intellectual property and informal innovations, including farmers'
and breeders' rights; access to the benefits of biotechnology; and bio-safety;
b. Promotion of collaborative research programmes, especially in developing countries, to
support activities outlined in this programme area, with particular reference to
cooperation with local and indigenous people and their communities in the conservation
of biological diversity and sustainable use of biological resources, as well as the fostering
of traditional methods and knowledge of such groups in connection with these activities;
c. Acceleration of technology acquisition, transfer and adaptation by developing countries
to support national activities that promote food security, through the development of
systems for substantial and sustainable productivity increases that do not damage or
endanger local ecosystems; 4/
d. Development of appropriate safety procedures based on programme area D, taking
account of ethical considerations.

Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
16.8. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing
the activities of this programme to be about $5 billion, including about $50 million from the
international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude
estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms,
including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies and
programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.

(b) Scientific and technological means*

(c) Human resource development
16.9. Training of competent professionals in the basic and applied sciences at all levels (including
scientific personnel, technical staff and extension workers) is one of the most essential components
of any programme of this kind. Creating awareness of the benefits and risks of biotechnology is
essential. Given the importance of good management of research resources for the successful
completion of large multidisciplinary projects, continuing programmes of formal training for
scientists should include managerial training. Training programmes should also be developed, within
the context of specific projects, to meet regional or national needs for comprehensively trained
personnel capable of using advanced technology to reduce the "brain drain" from developing to
developed countries. Emphasis should be given to
* * * *
* See paras. 16.6 and 16.7.
* * * *
encouraging collaboration between and training of scientists, extension workers and users to produce
integrated systems. Additionally, special consideration should be given to the execution of programmes for
training and exchange of knowledge on traditional biotechnologies and for training on safety procedures.

(d) Capacity-building
16.10. Institutional upgrading or other appropriate measures will be needed to build up technical,
managerial, planning and administrative capacities at the national level to support the activities in
this programme area. Such measures should be backed up by international, scientific, technical and
financial assistance adequate to facilitate technical cooperation and raise the capacities of the
developing countries. Programme area E contains further details.


B. Improving human health
Basis for action
16.11. The improvement of human health is one of the most important objectives of development. The
deterioration of environmental quality, notably air, water and soil pollution owing to toxic chemicals,
hazardous wastes, radiation and other sources, is a matter of growing concern. This degradation of
the environment resulting from inadequate or inappropriate development has a direct negative effect
on human health. Malnutrition, poverty, poor human settlements, lack of good-quality potable water
and inadequate sanitation facilities add to the problems of communicable and non-communicable
diseases. As a consequence, the health and well-being of people are exposed to increasing pressures.

Objectives
16.12. The main objective of this programme area is to contribute, through the environmentally sound
application of biotechnology to an overall health programme, to: 5/
a. Reinforce or inaugurate (as a matter of urgency) programmes to help combat major
communicable diseases;
b. Promote good general health among people of all ages;
c. Develop and improve programmes to assist in specific treatment of and protection from
major non-communicable diseases;
d. Develop and strengthen appropriate safety procedures based on programme area D,
taking account of ethical considerations;
e. Create enhanced capabilities for carrying out basic and applied research and for
managing interdisciplinary research.

Activities
(a) Management-related activities
16.13. Governments at the appropriate level, with the assistance of international and regional
organizations, academic and scientific institutions, and the pharmaceutical industry, should, taking
into account appropriate safety and ethical considerations:
a. Develop national and international programmes for identifying and targeting those
populations of the world most in need of improvement in general health and protection
from diseases;
b. Develop criteria for evaluating the effectiveness and the benefits and risks of the
proposed activities;
c. Establish and enforce screening, systematic sampling and evaluation procedures for drugs
and medical technologies, with a view to barring the use of those that are unsafe for the
purposes of experimentation; ensure that drugs and technologies relating to reproductive
health are safe and effective and take account of ethical considerations;
d. Improve, systematically sample and evaluate drinking-water quality by introducing
appropriate specific measures, including diagnosis of water-borne pathogens and
pollutants;
e. Develop and make widely available new and improved vaccines against major
communicable diseases that are efficient and safe and offer protection with a minimum
number of doses, including intensifying efforts directed at the vaccines needed to combat
common diseases of children;
f. Develop biodegradable delivery systems for vaccines that eliminate the need for present
multiple-dose schedules, facilitate better coverage of the population and reduce the costs
of immunization;
g. Develop effective biological control agents against dis ease-transmitting vectors, such as
mosquitoes and resistant variants, taking account of environmental protection
considerations;
h. Using the tools provided by modern biotechnology, develop, inter alia, improved
diagnostics, new drugs and improved treatments and delivery systems;
i. Develop the improvement and more effective utilization of medicinal plants and other
related sources;
j. Develop processes to increase the availability of materials derived from biotechnology,
for use in improving human health.

(b) Data and information
16.14. The following activities should be undertaken:
a. Research to assess the comparative social, environmental and financial costs and benefits
of different technologies for basic and reproductive health care within a framework of
universal safety and ethical considerations;
b. Development of public education programmes directed at decision makers and the
general public to encourage awareness and understanding of the relative benefits and
risks of modern biotechnology, according to ethical and cultural considerations.

(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
16.15. Governments at the appropriate levels, with the support of relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop and strengthen appropriate safety procedures based on programme area D,
taking account of ethical considerations;
b. Support the development of national programmes, particularly in developing countries,
for improvements in general health, especially protection from major communicable
diseases, common diseases of children and disease-transmitting factors.

Means of implementation
16.16. To achieve the above goals, the activities need to be implemented with urgency if progress
towards the control of major communicable diseases is to be achieved by the beginning of the next
century. The spread of some diseases to all regions of the world calls for global measures. For more
localized diseases, regional or national policies will be more appropriate. The achievement of goals
calls for:
a. Continuous international commitment;
b. National priorities with a defined time-frame;
c. Scientific and financial input at global and national levels.

(a) Financing and cost evaluation
16.17. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of
implement ing the activities of this programme to be about $14 billion, including about $130 million
from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-ofmagnitude
estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial
terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies
and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.

(b) Scientific and technological means
16.18. Well-coordinated multidisciplinary efforts involving cooperation between scientists, financial
institutions and industries will be required. At the global level, this may mean collaboration between
research institutions in different countries, with funding at the intergovernment al level, possibly
supported by similar collaboration at the national level. Research and development support will also
need to be strengthened, together with the mechanisms for providing the transfer of relevant
technology.

(c) Human resource development
16.19. Training and technology transfer is needed at the global level, with regions and countries having
access to, and participation in exchange of, information and expertise, particularly indigenous or
traditional knowledge and related biotechnology. It is essential to create or enhance endogenous
capabilities in developing countries to enable them to participate actively in the processes of
biotechnology production. The training of personnel could be undertaken at three levels:
a. That of scientists required for basic and product-oriented research;
b. That of health personnel (to be trained in the safe use of new products) and of science
managers required for complex intermultidisciplinary research;
c. That of tertiary-level technical workers required for delivery in the field.

(d) Capacity-building*


C. Enhancing protection of the environment
Basis for action
16.20. Environmental protection is an integral component of sustainable development. The environment
is threatened in all its biotic and abiotic components: animals, plants, microbes and ecosystems
comprising biological diversity; water, soil and air, which form the physical components of habitats
and ecosystems; and all the interactions between the components of biodiversity and their sustaining
habitats and ecosystems. With the continued increase in the use of chemicals, energy and nonrenewable
resources by an
* * * *
* See programme area E.
* * * *
expanding global population, associated environmental problems will also increase. Despite increasing
efforts to prevent waste accumulation and to promote recycling, the amount of environmental damage
caused by overconsumption, the quantities of waste generated and the degree of unsustainable land use
appear likely to continue growing.

16.21. The need for a diverse genetic pool of plant, animal and microbial germ plasm for sustainable
development is well established. Biotechnology is one of many tools that can play an important role
in supporting the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and landscapes. This may be done through
the development of new techniques for reforestation and afforestation, germ plasm conservation, and
cultivation of new plant varieties. Biotechnology can also contribute to the study of the effects
exerted on the remaining organisms and on ot her organisms by organisms introduced into
ecosystems.

Objectives
16.22. The aim of this programme is to prevent, halt and reverse environmental degradation through the
appropriate use of biotechnology in conjunction with other technologies, while supporting safety
procedures as an integral component of the programme. Specific objectives include the inauguration
as soon as possible of specific programmes with specific targets:
a. To adopt production processes making optimal use of natural resources, by recycling
biomass, recovering energy and minimizing waste generation; 6/
b. To promote the use of biotechnologies, with emphasis on bio-remediation of land and
water, waste treatment, soil conservation, reforestation, afforestation and land
rehabilitation; 7/ 8/
c. To apply biotechnologies and their products to protect environmental integrity with a
view to long-term ecological security.

Activities
(a) Management-related activities
16.23. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of relevant international and regional
organizations, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and academic and scientific
institutions, should:
a. Develop environmentally sound alternatives and improvements for environmentally
damaging production processes;
b. Develop applications to minimize the requirement for unsustainable synthetic chemical
input and to maximize the use of environmentally appropriate products, including natural
products (see programme area A);
c. Develop processes to reduce waste generation, treat waste before disposal and make use
of biodegradable materials;
d. Develop processes to recover energy and provide renewable energy sources, animal feed
and raw materials from recycling organic waste and biomass;
e. Develop processes to remove pollutants from the environment, including accidental oil
spills, where conventional techniques are not available or are expensive, inefficient or
inadequate;
f. Develop processes to increase the availability of planting materials, particularly
indigenous varieties, for use in afforestation and reforestation and to improve sustainable
yields from forests;
g. Develop applications to increase the availability of stress-tolerant planting material for
land rehabilitation and soil conservation;
h. Promote the use of integrated pest management bas ed on the judicious use of bio-control
agents;
i. Promote the appropriate use of bio-fertilizers within national fertilizer programmes;
j. Promote the use of biotechnologies relevant to the conservation and scientific study of
biological diversity and the sustainable use of biological resources;
k. Develop easily applicable technologies for the treatment of sewage and organic waste;
l. Develop new technologies for rapid screening of organisms for useful biological
properties;
m. Promote new biotechnologies for tapping mineral resources in an environmentally
sustainable manner.

(b) Data and information
16.24. Steps should be taken to increase access both to existing information about biotechnology and to
facilities based on global databases.

(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
16.25. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Strengthen research, training and development capabilities, particularly in developing
countries, to support the activities outlined in this programme area;
b. Develop mechanisms for scaling up and disseminating environmentally sound
biotechnologies of high environmental importance, especially in the short term, even
though those biotechnologies may have limited commercial potential;
c. Enhance cooperation, including transfer of biotechnology, between participating
countries for capacity-building;
d. Develop appropriate safety procedures based on programme area D, taking account of
ethical considerations.

Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
16.26. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of
implementing the activities of this programme to be about $1 billion, including about $10 million
from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-ofmagnitude
estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial
terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies
and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means*
(c) Human resource development

16.27. The activities for this programme area will increase the demand for trained personnel. Support for
existing training programmes needs to be increased, for example, at the university and technical
institute level, as well as the exchange of trained personnel between countries and regions. New and
additional training programmes also need to be developed, for example, for technical and support
personnel. There is also an urgent need to improve the level of understanding of biological principles
and their policy implications among decision makers in Governments, and financial and other
institutions.
(d) Capacity-building

16.28. Relevant institutions will need to have the responsibility for undertaking, and the capacity
(political, financial and workforce) to undertake, the above-mentioned activities and to be dynamic in
response to new biotechnological developments (see programme area E).
* * * *
* See paras. 16.23-16.25 above.
* * * *


D. Enhancing safety and developing international mechanisms for cooperation
Basis for action
16.29. There is a need for further development of internationally agreed principles on risk assessment and
management of all aspects of biotechnology, which should build upon those developed at the national
level. Only when adequate and transparent safety and border-control procedures are in place will the
community at large be able to derive maximum benefit from, and be in a much better position to
accept the potential benefits and risks of, biotechnology. Several fundamental principles could
underlie many of these safety procedures, including primary consideration of the organism, building
on the principle of familiarity, applied in a flexible framework, taking into account national
requirements and recognizing that the logical progression is to start with a step -by-step and case-bycase
approach, but also recognizing that experience has shown that in many instances a more
comprehensive approach should be used, based on the experiences of the first period, leading, inter
alia, to streamlining and categorizing; complementary consideration of risk assessment and risk
management; and classification into contained use or release to the environment.

Objectives
16.30. The aim of this programme area is to ensure safety in biotechnology development, application,
exchange and transfer through international agreement on principles to be applied on risk assessment
and management, with particular reference to health and environmental considerations, including the
widest possible public participation and taking account of ethical considerations.

Activities
16.31. The proposed activities for this programme area call for close international cooperation. They
should build upon planned or existing activities to accelerate the environmentally sound application
of biotechnology, especially in developing countries.

(a) Management-related activities
16.32. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of relevant international and regional
organizations, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and academic and scientific
institutions, should:
a. Make the existing safety procedures widely available by collecting the existing
information and adapting it to the specific needs of different countries and regions;
b. Further develop, as necessary, the existing safety procedures to promote scientific
development and categorization in the areas of risk assessment and risk management
(information requirements; databases; procedures for assessing risks and conditions of
release; establishment of safety conditions; monitoring and inspections, taking account of
ongoing national, regional and international initiatives and avoiding duplication wherever
possible);
c. Compile, update and develop compatible safety procedures into a framework of
internationally agreed principles as a basis for guidelines to be applied on safety in
biotechnology, including consideration of the need for and feasibility of an international
agreement, and promote information exchange as a basis for further development,
drawing on the work already undertaken by international or other expert bodies;
d. Undertake training programmes at the national and regional levels on the application of
the proposed technical guidelines;
e. Assist in exchanging information about the procedures required for safe handling and risk
management and about the conditions of release of the products of biotechnology, and
cooperate in providing immediate assistance in cases of emergencies that may arise in
conjunction with the use of biotechnology products.
(b) Data and information*
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination

16.33. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should raise awareness of the relative benefits and risks of biotechnology.

16.34. Further activities should include the following (see also para. 16.32):
a. Organizing one or more regional meetings between countries to identify further practical steps to
facilitate international cooperation in bio-safety;
b. Establishing an international network incorporating national, regional and global contact points;
c. Providing direct assistance upon request through the international network, using information
networks, databases and information procedures;
d. Considering the need for and feasibility of internationally agreed guidelines on safety in
biotechnology releases, including risk assessment and risk management, and considering studying
the feasibility of guidelines which could facilitate national legislation on liability and
compensation.
* * * *
* See paras. 16.32 and 16.33.
* * * *

Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
16.35. The UNCED secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing
the activities of this programmes to be about $2 million from the international community on grant
or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only and have not
been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms, including any that are nonconcessional,
will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies and programmes Governments
decide upon for implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means*
(c) Human resource development*
(d) Capacity-building

16.36. Adequate international technical and financial assistance should be provided and technical
cooperation to developing countries facilitated in order to build up technical, managerial, planning
and administrative capacities at the national level to support the activities in this programme area
(see also programme area E).


E. Establishing enabling mechanisms for the development and the environmentally sound application of biotechnology
Basis for action
16.37. The accelerated development and application of biotechnologies, particularly in developing
countries, will require a major effort to build up institutional capacities at the national and regional
levels. In developing countries, enabling factors such as training capacity, know-how, research and
development facilities and funds, industrial building capacity, capital (including venture capital)
protection of intellectual property rights, and expertise in areas including marketing research,
technology assessment, socio-economic assessment and safety assessment are frequently
inadequate. Efforts will therefore need to be made to build up capacities in these and other areas and
to match such efforts with appropriate levels of financial support. There is therefore a need to
strengthen the endogenous capacities of developing countries by means of new international
initiatives to support research in order to speed up the development and application of both new and
conventional biotechnologies to serve the needs of sustainable development at the local, national
and regional levels. National mechanisms to allow for informed comment by the public with regard
to biotechnology research and application should be part of the process.
* * * *
* See para. 16.32.
* * * *

16.38. Some activities at the national, regional and global levels already address the issues outlined in
programme areas A, B, C and D, as well as the provisioin of advice to individual countries on the
development of national guidelines and systems for the implementation of those guidelines. These
activities are generally uncoordinated, however, involving many different organizations, priorities,
constituencies, time-scales, funding sources and resource constraints. There is a need for a much
more cohesive and coordinated approach to harness available resources in the most effective
manner. As with most new technologies, research in biotechnology and the application of its
findings could have significant positive and negative socio-economic as well as cultural impacts.
These impacts should be carefully identified in the earliest phases of the development of
biotechnology in order to enable appropriate management of the consequences of transferring
biotechnology.

Objectives
16.39. The objectives are as follows:
a. To promote the development and application of biotechnologies, with special
emphasis on developing countries, by:
i. Enhancing existing efforts at the national, regional and global levels;
ii. Providing the necessary support for biotechnology, particularly research and product development, at the national, regional and international levels;
iii. Raising public awareness regarding the relative beneficial aspects of and risks related to biotechnology, to contribute to sustainable development;
iv. Helping to create a favourable climate for investments, industrial capacity building and distribution/marketing;
v. Encouraging the exchange of scientists among all countries and discouraging the "brain drain";
vi. Recognizing and fostering the traditional methods and knowledge of indigenous peoples and their communities and ensuring the opportunity for their participation in the economic and commercial benefits arising from developments in biotechnology; 9/
b. To identify ways and means of enhancing current efforts, building wherever possible
on existing enabling mechanisms, particularly regional, to determine the precise
nature of the needs for additional initiatives, particularly in respect of developing
countries, and to develop appropriate response strategies, including proposals for any
new international mechanisms;
c. To establish or adapt appropriate mechanisms for safety appraisal and risk
assessment at the local, regional and international levels, as appropriate.

Activities
(a) Management-related activities
16.40. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of international and regional organizations,
the private sector, non-governmental organizations and academic and scientific institutions, should:
a. Develop policies and mobilize additional resources to facilitate greater access to the new
biotechnologies, particularly by and among developing countries;
b. Implement programmes to create greater awareness of the potential and relative benefits and risks
of the environmentally sound application of biotechnology among the public and key decision
makers;
c. Undertake an urgent review of existing enabling mechanisms, programmes and activities at the
national, regional and global levels to identify strengths, weaknesses and gaps, and to assess the
priority needs of developing countries;
d. Undertake an urgent follow-up and critical review to identify ways and means of strengthening
endogenous capacities within and among developing countries for the environmentally sound
application of biot echnology, including, as a first step, ways to improve existing mechanisms,
particularly at the regional level, and, as a subsequent step, the consideration of possible new
international mechanisms, such as regional biotechnology centres;
e. Develop strategic plans for overcoming targeted constraints by means of appropriate research,
product development and marketing;
f. Establish additional quality-assurance standards for biotechnology applications and products,
where necessary.

(b) Data and information
16.40. The following activities should be undertaken: facilitation of access to existing information
dissemination systems, especially among developing countries; improvement of such access where
appropriate; and consideration of the development of a directory of information.

(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
16.41. Governments at the appropriate level, with the assistance of international and regional
organizations, should develop appropriate new initiatives to identify priority areas for research
based on specific problems and facilitate access to new biotechnologies, particularly by and among
developing countries, among relevant undertakings within those countries, in order to strengthen
endogenous capacities and to support the building of research and institutional capacity in those
countries.

Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
16.42. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing
the activities of this programme to be about $5 million from the international community on grant or
concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only and have not been
reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms, including any that are nonconcessional,
will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies and programmes Governments
decide upon for implementation.

(b) Scientific and technological means
16.43. Workshops, symposia, seminars and other exchanges among the scientific community at the
regional and global levels, on specific priority themes, will need to be organized, making full use of
the existing scientific and technological manpower in each country for bringing about such
exchanges.

(c) Human resource development
16.44. Personnel development needs will need to be identified and additional training programmes
developed at the national, regional and global levels, especially in developing countries. These
should be supported by increased training at all levels, graduate, postgraduate and post-doctoral, as
well as by the training of technicians and support staff, with particular reference to the generation of
trained manpower in consultant services, design, engineering and marketing research. Training
programmes for lecturers training scientists and technologists in advanced research institutions in
different countries throughout the world will also need to be developed, and systems giving
appropriate rewards, incentives and recognition to scientists and technologists will need to be
instituted (see para. 16.44). Conditions of service will also need to be improved at the national level
in developing countries to encourage and nurture trained manpower with a view to retaining that
manpower locally. Society should be informed of the social and cultural impact of the development
and application of biotechnology.

(d) Capacity-building
16.45. Biotechnology research and development is undertaken both under highly sophisticated conditions
and at the practical level in many countries. Efforts will be needed to ensure that the necessary
infrastructure facilities for research, extension and technology activities are available on a
decentralized basis. Global and regional collaboration for basic and applied research and
development will also need to be further enhanced and every effort should be made to ensure that
existing national and regional facilities are fully utilized. Such institutions already exist in some
countries and it should be possible to make use of them for training purposes and joint research
projects. Strengthening of universities, technical schools and local research institutions for the
development of biotechnologies and extension services for their application will need to be
developed, especially in developing countries.

1 komentar:

  1. Terimakasih banyak AKI karna melalui jalan togel ini saya sekarang sudah bisa melunasi semua hutang2 orang tua saya bahkan saya juga sudah punya warung makan sendiri hi itu semua berkat bantuan AKI JAYA yang telah membarikan angka 4D nya menang 275 jt kepada saya dan ALHAMDULILLAH berhasil,kini saya sangat bangga pada diri saya sendiri karna melalui jalan togel ini saya sudah bisa membahagiakan orang tua saya..jika anda ingin sukses seperti saya hubungi no hp O85-244-015-689 AKI JAYA,angka ritual AKI JAYA meman selalu tepat dan terbukti..silahkan anda buktikan sendiri. 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D





    Terimakasih banyak AKI karna melalui jalan togel ini saya sekarang sudah bisa melunasi semua hutang2 orang tua saya bahkan saya juga sudah punya warung makan sendiri hi itu semua berkat bantuan AKI JAYA yang telah membarikan angka 4D nya menang 275 jt kepada saya dan ALHAMDULILLAH berhasil,kini saya sangat bangga pada diri saya sendiri karna melalui jalan togel ini saya sudah bisa membahagiakan orang tua saya..jika anda ingin sukses seperti saya hubungi no hp O85-244-015-689 AKI JAYA,angka ritual AKI JAYA meman selalu tepat dan terbukti..silahkan anda buktikan sendiri. 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D






    Terimakasih banyak AKI karna melalui jalan togel ini saya sekarang sudah bisa melunasi semua hutang2 orang tua saya bahkan saya juga sudah punya warung makan sendiri hi itu semua berkat bantuan AKI JAYA yang telah membarikan angka 4D nya menang 275 jt kepada saya dan ALHAMDULILLAH berhasil,kini saya sangat bangga pada diri saya sendiri karna melalui jalan togel ini saya sudah bisa membahagiakan orang tua saya..jika anda ingin sukses seperti saya hubungi no hp O85-244-015-689 AKI JAYA,angka ritual AKI JAYA meman selalu tepat dan terbukti..silahkan anda buktikan sendiri. 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D

    BalasHapus