Berikut, disajikan potongan dari ikhtisar dokumen besar Agenda 21,
yaitu Bab 5 sehubungan dengan persoalan kependudukan dalam rangka “sustainable
development”, yang pada 1992 disepakati pemerintah-pemerintah dunia sebagai
pedoman tindakan-tindakan yang perlu diambil menuju Pembangunan yang
berkelanjutan.
5.1. This chapter contains the following programme
areas:
(a) Developing and disseminating knowledge
concerning the links between demographic trends and factors and sustainable
development;
(b) Formulating integrated national policies for
environment and development, taking into account demographic trends and
factors;
(c) Implementing integrated, environment and
development programmes at the local level, taking into account demographic
trends and factors.
PROGRAMME AREAS
A. Developing and disseminating knowledge concerning
the links between demographic trends and factors and sustainable development
Basis for action
5.2. Demographic trends and factors and sustainable
development have a synergistic relationship.
5.3. The growth of world population and production
combined with unsustainable consumption patterns places increasingly severe
stress on the life-supporting capacities of our planet. These interactive
processes affect the use of land, water, air, energy and other resources.
Rapidly growing cities, unless well-managed, face major environmental problems.
The increase in both the number and size of cities calls for greater attention
to issues of local government and municipal management. The human dimensions
are key elements to consider in this intricate set of relationships and they
should be adequately taken into consideration in comprehensive policies for
sustainable development. Such policies should address the linkages of
demographic trends and factors, resource use, appropriate technology
dissemination, and development. Population policy should also recognize the
role played by human beings in environmental and development concerns. There is
a need to increase awareness of this issue among decision makers at all levels
and to provide both better information on which to base national and
international policies and a framework against which to interpret this
information.
5.4. There is a need to develop strategies to mitigate
both the adverse impact on the environment of human activities and the adverse
impact of environmental change on human populations. The world's population is
expected to exceed 8 billion by the year 2020. Sixty per cent of the world's
population already live in coastal areas, while 65 per cent of cities with
populations above 2.5 million are located along the world coasts; several of
them are already at or below the present sea level.
Objectives
5.5. The following objectives should be achieved as
soon as practicable:
(a) To incorporate demographic trends and factors
in the global analysis of environment and development issues;
(b) To develop a better understanding of the
relationships among demographic dynamics, technology, cultural behaviour,
natural resources and life support systems;
(c) To assess human vulnerability in ecologically
sensitive areas and centres of population to determine the priorities for
action at all levels, taking full account of community defined needs.
Activities
Research on
the interaction between demographic trends and factors and sustainable
development
5.6. Relevant international, regional and national
institutions should consider undertaking the following activities:
(a) Identifying the interactions between
demographic processes, natural resources and life support systems, bearing in
mind regional and subregional variations deriving from, inter alia, different
levels of development;
(b) Integrating demographic trends and factors
into the ongoing study of environmental change, using the expertise of
international, regional and national research networks and of local
communities, first, to study the human dimensions of environmental change and,
second, to identify vulnerable areas;
(c) Identifying priority areas for action and
developing strategies and programmes to mitigate the adverse impact of
environmental change on human populations, and vice versa.
Means of implementation
A) Financing and cost evaluation
5.7. The Conference secretariat has estimated the
average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing the activities of this
programme to be about $10 million from the international community on grant or
concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only
and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms,
including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the
specific strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
B) Strengthening research programmes that integrate
population, environment and development
5.8. In order to integrate demographic analysis into a
broader social science perspective on environment and development,
interdisciplinary research should be increased. International institutions and
networks of experts should enhance their scientific capacity, taking full
account of community experience and knowledge, and should disseminate the experience
gained in multidisciplinary approaches and in linking theory to action.
5.9. Better modelling capabilities should be
developed, identifying the range of possible outcomes of current human
activities, especially the interrelated impact of demographic trends and
factors, per capita resource use and wealth distribution, as well as the major
migration flows that may be expected with increasing climatic events and
cumulative environmental change that may destroy people's local livelihoods.
C) Developing information and public awareness
5.10. Socio-demographic information should be
developed in a suitable format for interfacing with physical, biological and
socio-economic data. Compatible spatial and temporal scales, cross-country and
time-series information, as well as global behavioural indicators should be
developed, learning from local communities' perceptions and attitudes.
5.11. Awareness should be increased at all levels
concerning the need to optimize the sustainable use of resources through efficient
resource management, taking into account the development needs of the
populations of developing countries.
5.12. Awareness should be increased of the fundamental
linkages between improving the status of women and demographic dynamics,
particularly through women's access to education, primary and reproductive
health care programmes, economic independence and their effective, equitable
participation in all levels of decision-making.
5.13. Results of research concerned with sustainable
development issues should be disseminated through technical reports, scientific
journals, the media, workshops, forums or other means so that the information
can be used by decision makers at all levels and increase public awareness.
D) Developing and/or enhancing institutional capacity
and collaboration
5.14. Collaboration and exchange of information should
be increased between research institutions and international, regional and
national agencies and all other sectors (including the private sector, local
communities, non-governmental organizations and scientific institutions) from
both the industrialized and developing countries, as appropriate.
5.15. Efforts should be intensified to enhance the
capacities of national and local governments, the private sector and non-governmental
organizations in developing countries to meet the growing needs for improved
management of rapidly growing urban areas.
B. Formulating integrated national policies for
environment and development, taking into account demographic trends and factors
Basis for action
5.16. Existing plans for sustainable development have
generally recognized demographic trends and factors as elements that have a
critical influence on consumption patterns, production, lifestyles and
long-term sustainability. But in future, more attention will have to be given
to these issues in general policy formulation and the design of development
plans. To do this, all countries will have to improve their own capacities to
assess the environment and development implications of their demographic trends
and factors. They will also need to formulate and implement policies and action
programmes where appropriate. Policies should be designed to address the
consequences of population growth built into population momentum, while at the
same time incorporating measures to bring about demographic transition. They
should combine environmental concerns and population issues within a holistic
view of development whose primary goals include the alleviation of poverty;
secure livelihoods; good health; quality of life; improvement of the status and
income of women and their access to schooling and professional training, as
well as fulfilment of their personal aspirations; and empowerment of
individuals and communities. Recognizing that large increases in the size and
number of cities will occur in developing countries under any likely population
scenario, greater attention should be given to preparing for the needs, in
particular of women and children, for improved municipal management and local government.
Objective
5.17. Full integration of population concerns into
national planning, policy and decision-making processes should continue.
Population policies and programmes should be considered, with full recognition
of women's rights.
Activities
5.18. Governments and other relevant actors could,
inter alia, undertake the following activities, with appropriate assistance
from aid agencies, and report on their status of implementation to the
International Conference on Population and Development to be held in 1994,
especially to its committee on population and environment.
A) Assessing the implications of national
demographic trends and factors
5.19. The relationships between demographic trends and
factors and environmental change and between environmental degradation and the
components of demographic change should be analysed.
5.20. Research should be conducted on how
environmental factors interact with socio-economic factors as a cause of
migration.
5.21. Vulnerable population groups (such as rural
landless workers, ethnic minorities, refugees, migrants, displaced people,
women heads of household) whose changes in demographic structure may have
specific impacts on sustainable development should be identified.
5.22. An assessment should be made of the implications
of the age structure of the population on resource demand and dependency
burdens, ranging from educational expenses for the young to health care and
support for the elderly, and on household income generation.
5.23. An assessment should also be made of national
population carrying capacity in the context of satisfaction of human needs and
sustainable development, and special attention should be given to critical
resources, such as water and land, and environmental factors, such as ecosystem
health and biodiversity.
5.24. The impact of national demographic trends and
factors on the traditional livelihoods of indigenous groups and local
communities, including changes in traditional land use because of internal
population pressures, should be studied.
B) Building and strengthening a national
information base
5.25. National databases on demographic trends and
factors and environment should be built and/or strengthened, disaggregating
data by ecological region (ecosystem approach), and population/environment
profiles should be established by region.
5.26. Methodologies and instruments should be
developed to identify areas where sustainability is, or may be, threatened by
the environmental effects of demographic trends and factors, incorporating both
current and projected demographic data linked to natural environmental
processes.
5.27. Case-studies of local level responses by
different groups to demographic dynamics should be developed, particularly in
areas subject to environmental stress and in deteriorating urban centres.
5.28. Population data should be disaggregated by,
inter alia, sex and age in order to take into account the implications of the
gender division of labour for the use and management of natural resources.
C) Incorporating demographic features into policies
and plans
5.29. In formulating human settlements policies,
account should be taken of resource needs, waste production and ecosystem
health.
5.30. The direct and induced effects of demographic
changes on environment and development programmes should, where appropriate, be
integrated, and the impact on demographic features assessed.
5.31. National population policy goals and programmes
that are consistent with national environment and development plans for
sustainability and in keeping with the freedom, dignity and personally held
values of individuals should be established and implemented.
5.32. Appropriate socio-economic policies for the
young and the elderly, both in terms of family and state support systems,
should be developed.
5.33. Policies and programmes should be developed for
handling the various types of migrations that result from or induce
environmental disruptions, with special attention to women and vulnerable
groups.
5.34. Demographic concerns, including concerns for
environmental migrants and displaced people, should be incorporated in the
programmes for sustainable development of relevant international and regional
institutions.
5.35. National reviews should be conducted and the
integration of population policies in national development and environment
strategies should be monitored nationally.
Means of implementation
A) Financing and cost evaluation
5.36. The Conference secretariat has estimated the
average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing the activities of this
programme to be about $90 million from the international community on grant or
concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only
and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms,
including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the
specific strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
B) Raising awareness of demographic and sustainable
development interactions
5.37. Understanding of the interactions between
demographic trends and factors and sustainable development should be increased
in all sectors of society. Stress should be placed on local and national
action. Demographic and sustainable development education should be coordinated
and integrated in both the formal and non-formal education sectors. Particular
attention should be given to population literacy programmes, notably for women.
Special emphasis should be placed on the linkage between these programmes,
primary environmental care and the provision of primary health care and
services.
C) Strengthening institutions
5.38. The capacity of national, regional and local
structures to deal with issues relating to demographic trends and factors and
sustainable development should be enhanced. This would involve strengthening
the relevant bodies responsible for population issues to enable them to
elaborate policies consistent with the national prospects for sustainable
development. Cooperation among government, national research institutions,
non-governmental organizations and local communities in assessing problems and
evaluating policies should also be enhanced.
5.39. The capacity of the relevant United Nations
organs, organizations and bodies, international and regional intergovernmental
bodies, non-governmental organizations and local communities should, as
appropriate, be enhanced to help countries develop sustainable development
policies on request and, as appropriate, provide assistance to environmental
migrants and displaced people.
5.40. Inter-agency support for national sustainable
development policies and programmes should be improved through better
coordination of population and environment activities.
D) Promoting human resource development
5.41. The international and regional scientific
institutions should assist Governments, upon request, to include concerns
regarding the population/environment interactions at the global, ecosystem and
micro-levels in the training of demographers and population and environment
specialists. Training should include research on linkages and ways to design
integrated strategies.
C. Implementing integrated environment and
development programmes at the local level, taking into account demographic
trends and factors
Basis for action
5.42. Population programmes are more effective when
implemented together with appropriate cross-sectoral policies. To attain
sustainability at the local level, a new framework is needed that integrates
demographic trends and factors with such factors as ecosystem health,
technology and human settlements, and with socio-economic structures and access
to resources. Population programmes should be consistent with socio-economic
and environmental planning. Integrated sustainable development programmes
should closely correlate action on demographic trends and factors with resource
management activities and development goals that meet the needs of the people
concerned.
Objective
5.43. Population programmes should be implemented
along with natural resource management and development programmes at the local
level that will ensure sustainable use of natural resources, improve the
quality of life of the people and enhance environmental quality.
Activities
5.44. Governments and local communities, including
community-based women's organizations and national non-governmental
organizations, consistent with national plans, objectives, strategies and
priorities, could, inter alia, undertake the activities set out below with the
assistance and cooperation of international organizations, as appropriate.
Governments could share their experience in the implementation of Agenda 21 at
the International Conference on Population and Development, to be held in 1994,
especially its committee on population and environment.
A) Developing a framework for action
5.45. An effective consultative process should be
established and implemented with concerned groups of society where the
formulation and decision-making of all components of the programmes are based
on a nationwide consultative process drawing on community meetings, regional
workshops and national seminars, as appropriate. This process should ensure
that views of women and men on needs, perspective and constraints are equally
well reflected in the design of programmes, and that solutions are rooted in
specific experience. The poor and underprivileged should be priority groups in
this process.
5.46. Nationally determined policies for integrated
and multifaceted programmes, with special attention to women, to the poorest
people living in critical areas and to other vulnerable groups should be
implemented, ensuring the involvement of groups with a special potential to act
as agents for change and sustainable development. Special emphasis should be
placed on those programmes that achieve multiple objectives, encouraging
sustainable economic development, and mitigating adverse impacts of demographic
trends and factors, and avoiding long-term environmental damage. Food security,
access to secure tenure, basic shelter, and essential infrastructure, education,
family welfare, women's reproductive health, family credit schemes,
reforestation programmes, primary environmental care, women's employment
should, as appropriate, be included among other factors.
5.47. An analytical framework should be developed to
identify complementary elements of sustainable development policies as well as
the national mechanisms to monitor and evaluate their effects on population
dynamics.
5.48. Special attention should be given to the
critical role of women in population/environment programmes and in achieving
sustainable development. Projects should take advantage of opportunities to
link social, economic and environmental gains for women and their families.
Empowerment of women is essential and should be assured through education,
training and policies to accord and improve women's right and access to assets,
human and civil rights, labour-saving measures, job opportunities and
participation in decision-making. Population/environment programmes must enable
women to mobilize themselves to alleviate their burden and improve their
capacity to participate in and benefit from socio-economic development.
Specific measures should be undertaken to close the gap between female and male
illiteracy rates.
B) Supporting programmes that promote changes in
demographic trends and factors towards sustainability
5.49. Reproductive health programmes and services,
should, as appropriate, be developed and enhanced to reduce maternal and infant
mortality from all causes and enable women and men to fulfil their personal
aspirations in terms of family size, in a way in keeping with their freedom and
dignity and personally held values.
5.50. Governments should take active steps to
implement, as a matter of urgency, in accordance with country-specific
conditions and legal systems, measures to ensure that women and men have the
same right to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their
children, to have access to the information, education and means, as
appropriate, to enable them to exercise this right in keeping with their
freedom, dignity and personally held values taking into account ethical and
cultural considerations.
5.51. Governments should take active steps to
implement programmes to establish and strengthen preventive and curative health
facilities that include women-centred, women-managed, safe and effective
reproductive health care and affordable, accessible services, as appropriate,
for the responsible planning of family size, in keeping with freedom, dignity
and personally held values and taking into account ethical and cultural
considerations. Programmes should focus on providing comprehensive health care,
including pre-natal care, education and information on health and responsible
parenthood and should provide the opportunity for all women to breast-feed
fully, at least during the first four months post-partum. Programmes should
fully support women's productive and reproductive roles and well being, with
special attention to the need for providing equal and improved health care for
all children and the need to reduce the risk of maternal and child mortality
and sickness.
5.52. Consistent with national priorities, culturally
based information and education programmes that transmit reproductive health
messages to men and women that are easily understood should be developed.
C) Creating appropriate institutional conditions
5.53. Constituencies and institutional conditions to
facilitate the implementation of demographic activities should, as appropriate,
be fostered. This requires support and commitment from political, indigenous,
religious and traditional authorities, the private sector and the national
scientific community. In developing these appropriate institutional conditions,
countries should closely involve established national machinery for women.
5.54. Population assistance should be coordinated with
bilateral and multilateral donors to ensure that population needs and
requirements of all developing countries are addressed, fully respecting the
overall coordinating responsibility and the choice and strategies of the
recipient countries.
5.55. Coordination should be improved at local and
international levels. Working practices should be enhanced in order to make
optimum use of resources, draw on collective experience and improve the
implementation of programmes. UNFPA and other relevant agencies should
strengthen the coordination of international cooperation activities with
recipient and donor countries in order to ensure that adequate funding is
available to respond to growing needs.
5.56. Proposals should be developed for local,
national and international population/environment programmes in line with
specific needs for achieving sustainability. Where appropriate, institutional
changes must be implemented so that old-age security does not entirely depend
on input from family members.
Means of implementation
A) Financing and cost evaluation
5.57. The Conference secretariat has estimated the
average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing the activities of this
programme to be about $7 billion, including about $3.5 billion from the
international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative
and order-of-magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by
Governments. Actual costs and financial terms, including any that are
non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies and
programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
B) Research
5.58. Research should be undertaken with a view to
developing specific action programmes; it will be necessary to establish
priorities between proposed areas of research.
5.59. Socio-demographic research should be conducted
on how populations respond to a changing environment.
5.60. Understanding of socio-cultural and political factors
that can positively influence acceptance of appropriate population policy
instruments should be improved.
5.61. Surveys of changes in needs for appropriate
services relating to responsible planning of family size, reflecting variations
among different socio-economic groups and variations in different geographical
regions should be undertaken.
C) Human resource development and capacity-building
5.62. The areas of human resource development and
capacity-building, with particular attention to the education and training of
women, are areas of critical importance and are a very high priority in the
implementation of population programmes.
5.63. Workshops to help programme and projects
managers to link population programmes to other development and environmental
goals should be conducted.
5.64. Educational materials, including
guides/workbooks for planners and decision makers and other actors of
population/environment/development programmes, should be developed.
5.65. Cooperation should be developed between
Governments, scientific institutions and non-governmental organizations within
the region, and similar institutions outside the region. Cooperation with local
organizations should be fostered in ordered to raise awareness, engage in
demonstration projects and report on the experience gained.
5.66. The recommendations contained in this chapter
should in no way prejudice discussions at the International Conference on
Population and Development in 1994, which will be the appropriate forum for
dealing with population and development issues, taking into account the
recommendations of the International Conference on Population, held in Mexico
City in 1984, 1/ and the Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of
Women, 2/ adopted by the World Conference to Review and Appraise the
Achievements of the United Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace,
held in Nairobi in 1985.
Notes
1/ Report of the International Conference on
Population, Mexico City, 6-14 August 1984 (United Nations publication, Sales
No. E.84.XIII.8), chap. I.
2/ Report of the World Conference to Review and
Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality,
Development and Peace, Nairobi, 15-26 July 1985 (United Nations publication,
Sales No. E.84.IV.10), chap. I, sect. A.
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